Video Basics

Container: MP4, MOV (files).

Codec: H.264, H.265 (HEVC), AV1 (encoding).

Streaming protocol: HLS, DASH (delivery).

DRM: protects content from piracy.

HLS – The Standard

HTTP Live Streaming by Apple. Works everywhere.

How it works: video split into small chunks (5-10s each), served via HTTP.

Client requests chunks, plays sequentially.

Adaptive Bitrate

Multiple quality versions of same video.

Client picks quality based on network speed.

Switches on the fly – user doesn’t notice.

Requires encoding video at multiple bitrates (360p, 480p, 720p, 1080p).

Encoding Pipeline

Upload → transcode to multiple bitrates → generate HLS manifest → store in CDN.

Tools: FFmpeg (self-host), AWS MediaConvert (managed), Mux (fully managed).

Managed services: expensive but zero-ops.

CDN Requirement

Serving video from single server = catastrophe at scale.

CDN caches chunks near users.

CloudFront, Cloudflare, Fastly, BunnyCDN.

Cost: $0.02-0.10 per GB depending on provider and region.

Storage

Original files: raw upload. Keep for re-encoding.

Encoded files: multiple bitrates × multiple videos = lots of storage.

S3 or similar object storage.

Cost: $0.01-0.023 per GB per month.

Live vs On-Demand

On-demand (VOD): recorded content. Simpler infrastructure.

Live streaming: real-time. Complex – ingest, transcode, deliver simultaneously.

Latency for live: HLS = 15-30s. Low-latency HLS = 3-5s. WebRTC = sub-second.

Playback Libraries

iOS: AVPlayer (native, best HLS support).

Android: ExoPlayer (Google’s video library).

React Native: react-native-video wraps native.

Flutter: video_player, better_player packages.

DRM – Content Protection

3 major systems: Widevine (Android/Chrome), FairPlay (Apple), PlayReady (Microsoft/Xbox).

Multi-DRM services: Axinom, ExpressPlay, EZDRM.

Costs: $500-2000/month typical for small platforms.

Only needed for premium content protection.

Analytics

Track: play started, play completed, buffering, quality switches, errors.

Services: Mux Data, Bitmovin Analytics.

Insights: which videos engage, which cause drop-off.

Offline Playback

Users want to download videos.

DRM-protected downloads: complex – offline license required.

Non-DRM: simpler but content unprotected.

Subtitles and Captions

WebVTT format standard.

Include in HLS manifest.

Accessibility requirement – captions for hearing impaired.

Costs Breakdown

Small platform (1K users, 100 hours viewed/month): $50-200/month.

Medium (10K users): $500-2000/month.

Large (100K users): $5000-20K/month.

Major costs: bandwidth (60%), storage (20%), transcoding (20%).

Our Approach

MVP: Mux or Cloudflare Stream. Managed, expensive per GB but no ops.

Growth: hybrid – self-host storage on S3, CDN for delivery.

Scale: consider owning full stack – biggest cost savings.

Based on Real Projects

This guide is based on our work with:

• FitIL
• Bamboo Connect

Further Reading

If this guide helped you, you might also want to read our comprehensive guide on Mobile Development.