The Case for Accessibility
15% of population has disability.
Legal requirement in EU, US.
Better UX for everyone.
Market expansion opportunity.
WCAG Levels
A: minimum. Rarely enough.
AA: standard target. Legal minimum.
AAA: highest. Not always achievable/necessary.
Aim for AA compliance.
Keyboard Navigation
Every action reachable by keyboard.
Tab order logical.
Focus indicators visible.
Skip links to main content.
No keyboard traps.
Screen Reader Support
Semantic HTML: use right elements.
ARIA labels for icons.
ARIA live regions for dynamic content.
Descriptive link text (not “click here”).
Alt text on all images.
Color and Contrast
Text contrast: 4.5:1 minimum (AA).
Large text: 3:1 minimum.
Don’t rely on color alone.
Test with color blindness simulators.
Forms
Every input has label.
Error messages associated with fields.
Instructions clear.
Required fields marked.
Success/error feedback accessible.
Motion and Animation
Prefers-reduced-motion respected.
Auto-playing content controllable.
Warnings before animations that could trigger seizures.
Time limits adjustable.
Content Structure
Heading hierarchy: h1, h2, h3.
One h1 per page.
Lists as lists (ul, ol).
Tables with proper headers.
Media
Videos: captions required.
Audio: transcripts.
Videos with important visuals: audio descriptions.
Media controls keyboard-accessible.
Testing Tools
axe DevTools: automatic checks.
WAVE: browser extension.
Screen readers: NVDA (free), VoiceOver, JAWS.
Keyboard-only navigation testing.
Beyond Compliance
Real user testing with disabilities.
Iterate based on feedback.
Consider cognitive accessibility.
Not just visual/motor – broader spectrum.
Common Mistakes
Icons without labels.
Modals not focus-trapping.
Auto-focus on random elements.
Color-only status indicators.
Small tap targets.
Business Case
Legal: lawsuits are expensive.
SEO: accessible sites rank better.
Market: excluded users are potential customers.
Quality: forces better design.
Getting Started
Audit current state.
Fix critical issues first.
Train team on principles.
Include in design system.
Not one-time – ongoing effort.
Based on Real Projects
This guide is based on our work with:
Further Reading
If this guide helped you, you might also want to read our comprehensive guide on UI/UX Design.
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